For the first time the Ebola virus was detected in 1976 when there was clearly two outbreaks in the same time: in Nzara, Sudan and in Yambuku, Democratic Republic of Congo

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Qualitative Management Tools

The qualitative mechanisms rely on information which can not be easily measured. It heavily depends on user judgment in the analysis and interpretation of results. As part of quality control, BMW utilizes various qualitative tools of management to determine the extent to which quality control is ensured in the company. Such tools include:

1. Reputation

Present criterion can not be expressed in numerical terms. The company gains reputation from its luxurious cars which are well-designed and have a high performance level. It really is gained for satisfaction by the customers who make the brand grow to a worldwide recognition (Daniel, 2014).

1. Brand Strength

The company’s brand is a strong feature in the success of its worldwide operations. Nonetheless, it is a qualitative aspect which can not be attached to any numeric values. Despite this, it is important in determining the extent of the company products’ success in meeting and exceeding the standards and expectations of the customers. The company’s quality products are responsible for the strong BMW brand.

How the Qualitative and Quantitative Tools Support Decision Making

When making decisions, the company has to rely on both qualitative and quantitative tools, since they supplement each other. For instance, customer feedback may not be easily expressed in numbers by a qualitative analysis, but can give a proper interpretation as to the extent to which customers are satisfied. The company can use quantitative data on the number of customers who buy its cars, the complaints received and the warranty claims from the company. It allows gauging the success of its products in the market. Statistical methods in such case provide efficient results on when to produce the quantity and where to sell.

The qualitative analysis at times may give ambiguous results, though it might probably contain additional information. For instance, it might probably indicate the feeling of the clients on the BMW cars together with the fact that customers would appreciate faster delivery of the cars. Such additional information is not available in the quantitative measures. The tools help the company to predict sales growth, schedule production operations and capacity to produce.how to restate a thesis Further, the customer feedback in the qualitative measures gives the company valuable information to redesign their cars to meet up the customers’ expectations. The combination of both measures helps in the process of appropriate decision-making (Mencl, 2012).

BMW Workflow to Enhance Continuous Improvement

As part of continuous improvement, BMW has established checks in the course of manufacturing to cater for quality products. In the manufacturing, processing and procurement functions, the company has organized the operations in a way that improvement is ensured atlanta divorce attorneys step of production. In the course of engineering, cars are tailored to meet up customer requirements. The company has embarked on establishing a wide coverage through its distributorships in the world to facilitate faster service delivery.

The workflow programs in the company provide BMW with a competitive edge through its growth prospects, profitability, shaping the long run and the access to the latest production and distribution technologies. Starting from the design of the cars, their quality is ensured till the car is delivered to the customer. The company aims at constant developing the workflow to give customers the ultimate experience with the BMW cars. The success factors in the workflow are the employees, shareholders and corporate management mechanisms. As a result, they work together to deliver the highest quality of products and services (Reeves, 1994). As part of the continuous improvement, BMW is working on a formula to increase the external companies together with communications with the relevant stakeholders groups. Through the production chain, the main element challenge is the increasing fuel prices together with the fuel consumption and emission standards which vary in the countries of operation. It offers placed a strong demand to have the engines modified to meet up the regulatory policies of the countries in which the cars will be used.

Workflow Improvement Plan for BMW

the utilization of quality management tools presents critical approaches to designing systems for production optimization. As a part of the continuous improvement, the company has to use both qualitative and quantitative quality control mechanisms for excellent decision-making strategies. Further, monitoring of the tools efficiency is necessary to determine the best tool to use when making predictions. Having more tools in the quality control practice will trigger improvement in the company’s power to deliver the customer expectations.

The flow of activities form one assembling section to the other has to be keenly monitored to allow all the inefficiencies to be detected and corrected in a timely manner. It can be made possible through locating all the sections for the automobile assembling at one site. It will allow quality to be easily determined and corrections made. In the improvement plan, each work group should pass quality to the next production team in the chain. It can help in determining the inefficiencies in the workflow program and corrective measures will be taken to improve the situation. In order to fully monitor the workflow program, BMW could start thinking about having a quality management team, which will be focused on delivering quality to the customers, and ensuring a cross-functional coordination of all the production sections. The key objective of the quality team is to ensure process optimization and reduce customer complaints by determining mistakes in the production process and taking corrective actions (Xu, 2011).

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the Analytical Tools in Improving Quality Management

The analytical tools used in improving quality in BMW play a key role in maintaining the company and giving it a competitive edge over its competitors. Quality and superior cars have made the company’s brand a worldwide servicing many clients in the car industry. Improvement plans in quality management are possible through customers’ feedbacks. It provides valuable information to the company to tailor its products centered on customers’ expectations. Therefore, such feedback has to be critically analyzed in order to gauge the efficiency of the tools as part of continuous improvement. All feedbacks are beneficial in quality management.

The analysis of sales across all markets which are served by BMW is critical in determining the production rates and expansion capabilities.https://123helpme.me/ Without such measures it would be problematic for the company to meet up sales targets of different regions due to underproduction.

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The use of both statistical and non-statistical measures should provide a solution to gauge the company’s profitability. The revenue forecasts should be met and any deviations analyzed for maximum outputs (Tennant, 2001). BMW key strategies in ensuing continuous improvement should be guided by a strong application of the quality control measures, both quantitative and qualitative. The advantage of such application will be a conducting of a multi-dimensional approach in managing quality of cars being produced through analyzing information in possession of all stakeholders for maximum output and productivity.

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Ebola virus is a highly dangerous condition which has some strongly pronounced characteristic like severe course, high mortality and the development of hemorrhagic syndrome. This virus causes an acute heavy condition which is lethal without proper treatment. For the first time the Ebola virus was detected in 1976 when there was clearly two outbreaks in the same time: in Nzara, Sudan and in Yambuku, Democratic Republic of Congo. The second outbreak was occurred in the village close to the river Ebola from which the disease got its name. Although the previous outbreaks of this condition have affected a small area of the population, in 2014 the Ebola epidemic outbreak spread and affected more than 1,700 people about 900 of whom died. There are two factors of Ebola which can be to be kept in mind: it results in heavy mortality and is still uninvestigated (Peterson, 2014). The second fact is quite frightening, because a lot of people do not know how to handle it if being infected.

Ebola virus falls into the Filoviridae family of viruses which also includes Lloviu and Marburg. In the world there are 5 types of these viruses: Zaire, Bundibugyo, Sudan, Reston, and Tai Forest. The initial three of them participate in Ebola virus and are associated with large outbreaks in Africa (Draper, 2002). The virus that caused the outbreak in West Africa in 2014 belongs to the species of Zaire.

The viruses that quickly and naturally kill its prey fill people with fear, though they are not considered the most insidious. The death within a couple of days is terrible, but it is inefficient solution to spread the disease for the viruses. Thus, historically the high speed viruses like Ebola would quickly burn themselves and get back once again to the primary source, while such slowly emerging viruses as HIV/AIDS spread throughout the world.

The researchers think that the cause of Ebola virus reappearance lies in the maintenance associated with the bats’ population in central and western Africa. The asymptomatic fruit bats transmit the disease to such animals as small antelopes and primates. This type of virus has not spread in the places where these animals are absent. Ebola have broken into the human population as a results of their close contact with blood, secretions, organs or other body fluids of infected animals. Nonetheless, brisk trade of bushmeat including bats, monkeys, and rats occurs in several parts of Africa, as well as in Sub-Saharan Africa. Thus, single infected animal could start the whole Ebola virus epidemic in 2014. Besides, the funerary ceremonies where in actuality the mourners have the direct contact with the body of the deceased person can play a significant role in the transmission of the Ebola virus.

Incubation period of the virus (time interval from virus infection to onset of symptoms) ranges from 2 to 21 days. People become contagious with the appearance of the symptoms. The initial symptoms are the sudden appearance of fever, muscle aches, headache, and sore throat. They are followed by vomiting, diarrhea, rash, renal and liver failure, and, in some cases, hemorrhage both internal and external (for example discharge of blood from the gums, blood in stool).The laboratory findings show the low levels of white blood cells and platelets as well as elevated liver enzymes (Quammen, 2014).

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People are contagious as long as their blood and excretion including the seminal fluid and breast milk contain viruses. People recovered from illness can continue to transmit the virus up to 7 weeks after recovery through the seminal fluid.

In order to confirm that the symptoms are caused specifically by Ebola virus the following research is to be made (Klenk, & Feldmann 2004):

– The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) by catching of antibodies;

– Tests for antigens’ detection;

– Serum neutralization reaction;

– Polymerase chain reaction with reverse transcription (RT-PCR);

– Electronic microscopy;

– Virus isolation in cell cultures.

The samples obtained from the patients present a extremely high biohazard. The laboratory evaluating of the samples should be conducted under maximum biological containment.

Talking about the treatment of Ebola virus it’s important to mention that it does not exist yet. In order to increase people’s survival it’s important to carry out the maintenance therapy with intravenous administration of fluids and to treat the particular symptoms. Nonetheless, currently a number of potential means of treatment including blood products, immune and drug therapies are under evaluation. While there is no licensed treatment which would be confirmed by the researchers as a means associated with the virus neutralization, a number of therapies, for instance, blood, immune, and drug therapies are developed.

The USA has also conducted wide range of studies for creating a vaccine contrary to the virus. Several types of treatment procedures have been made on the basis of already infected people. This method relies upon the concept that antibodies against Ebola virus (proteins developed by defense system of a person in reaction to the dangerous intruders) may assist the body in fighting infection. Therefore on this basis special serum has been created.

The serum is a part of blood that contains antibodies. In the past during the outbreaks of Ebola virus it was taken from individuals who have experienced Ebola virus but are not any longer contagious. Nonetheless their blood still contains high level of antibodies contrary to the virus.

The researchers insist on the necessity of the Ebola virus prevention. Raising awareness about the risk factors of the Ebola virus infection together with personal protection measures are the effective methods for reducing the transmission of the condition on the list of people.

In order to decrease the risks of the Ebola virus people should be focused on the following factors (Alton, 2014):

• Reducing the risk of infection transmission from wild animals to human beings through the contacts with infected fruit bats and monkeys/apes, consumption of its raw meat. It’s important to wear gloves and other appropriate protective clothing during the work with animals. Before eating the food (blood and meat) it’s important to cook it thoroughly.
• Reducing the risk of infection transmission from person to person due to direct or close contact with individuals who have the Ebola virus symptoms, especially with liquids of their organism. It is also necessary to wear gloves and appropriate personal protection clothes for the persons caring for the patients in house conditions. After visiting patients in hospitals or nursing the patients in house conditions is necessary to wash the hands regularly.

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Containment measures of the outbreaks include (Jones, 2014):

– fast and safe burial of deceased;

– identification of this individuals who can have the contact with anyone from the Ebola virus infected;

– monitoring of the health status of those individuals who have had the contacts with patients during 21 days;

– importance of the separation of healthy and sick people in order to prevent further transmission;

– importance of appropriate hygiene and maintenance of cleanliness;

– health care providers should always follow standard precautionary measures caring for the sick regardless of presumptive diagnosis. The measures are the following: the basic hand hygiene, respiratory hygiene, using of personal protective equipment, the implementation of safe injection and safe burial of the deceased.

Medical workers must protect their faces (using the front panel or medical mask and eyeglasses) and wear clean non-sterile gown with long sleeves and gloves ( for some procedures – sterile) through the close contact (closer than one meter) with the sick person infected by Ebola virus. Laboratory workers may also be at risk. The samples taken from people and animals for the diagnostics associated with Ebola infection should be handled by well-trained staff in suitably equipped laboratories.

World Organization of Health aims to prevent the outbreak associated with the Ebola virus providing surveillance associated with the condition caused by Ebola virus and providing support by developing plans to the countries which are under the risk (Wilson, 2014).

In the event of the Ebola virus outbreak, the World Organization of Health reacts by supporting the implementation of the surveillance, involvement of local communities, management of patients, laboratory services, contact tracing, infection control, logistics support, training and assistance in the application of the burial safe methods.

Ongoing outbreak in West Africa (the initial cases were recorded in March 2014) is the largest and most complicated Ebola outbreak since the detection of the virus in 1976. During this outbreak a lot more people become infected and died as compared with the rest of the outbreaks taken together.

According to the worst scenarios of virus development, by the end of January 2015 the number of people infected by Ebola virus could increase at 100 times up to 550 thousand people. In case any steps are not undertaken to limit the scope of the current outbreak of the deadly virus, the number of infected people will make hundreds of thousands  in less than six months.

In general, according to the opinion of World Organization of Health the Ebola virus continues to spread rapidly in the territory of Western Africa and it is important for everyone to observe the safety precautions in order to avoid this terrible infection.

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History of Toxins

Toxin lesions are not contagious. They are not transmitted to other humans or animals. Toxins are formed long before they have penetrated the body. The tactical employment of toxins is possible on the basis of the same maxims and the same methods which can be characteristic of chemical weapons. Finally, toxins can be produced not only by microorganisms but also by animals and plants. They even might be prepared synthetically. There are several studies of the synthesis of fragments of modern toxins from 10-15 amino acids in the polypeptide chain in the laboratory scale. This fact gives reason to believe that toxins are one of the modern trends in the development of chemical weapons. French scientist Louis Pasteur started the study of toxins. He is considered to be the founder of modern immunology. His works were devoted to the establishment of the causes of rabies. Louis Pasteur postulated the existence of a specific rabies toxin and proposed the method of remedy for this condition through the use of anti-rabies serum successfully tested on humans in 1885 (Aktories & Just, 2000). In 1890, German bacteriologist Emil von Behring found that the serum of animals exposed to a small (sub-lethal) dose of toxins had preventive curative properties (Aktories & Just, 2000). The result of this research was the development of anti-diphtheria serum. This finding marked the beginning of immunotherapy of common infectious diseases (Aktories & Just, 2000). Nonetheless, toxins are extremely dangerous for humans in large doses.

General Notion on Botulinum Toxin

Roland Langford (2004) affirms that “Botulinum toxin is the toxic element produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum” (p. 158). In 2011, the world used about 1 gram of pure toxin in medical and cosmetic purposes. Moreover, it is estimated that roughly two kilograms are enough to kill the entire population of the Earth. From soils, spores of clostridium botulinum can enter the food where they germinate in the shortage of oxygen. As a result, the toxin is accumulated in food. In such a way, it can cause poisoning. There may be reproduction of bacteria in the human body during infection of wounds and in the intestines of infants without a formed symbiotic microbial community. In all these cases, there was botulinum toxin poisoning. Thus, a pathological condition called botulism develops (Prasad, 2009). There are 7 different botulinum toxin types – A, B, C1, D, E, F, and G. They differ by structural features and mechanism of action. All types of toxins except for F and G have an effect on a person (Krenzelok, 2003).

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The botulinum toxin comes into the body with food or water and gets into the blood through the epithelial cells of the small intestine – enterocytes. The toxin can also be absorbed into the bloodstream through inhalation of its aerosol. From the blood, it gets into motor neurons. Once in the cell, the poison is not available for the action of the immunity system. In such a way, the use of specific antibodies to the toxin for the treatment is effective only in the earliest stages of the condition. Botulinum toxin blocks the impulse transmission from the nerve endings to the muscle. It influences a process of the release of nerve endings of a neurotransmitter acetylcholine from vesicles. Vesicular transport is necessary for the life of all human being cells. There is a mechanism for the targeted delivery of the vesicles to their destination in the cell – to the surface of cells or organelles of the vacuolar system – the system of internal membranes, which includes the Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, and lysosomes. The directed transportation is possible as a result of system of mutual recognition of vesicles and destination at the expense of protein binding embedded in their membranes (Ladant, Alouf, & Popoff, 2005). The mechanism of the directed transportation of intracellular vesicles plays a major role in the functioning of nerve cells as their numerous outgrowths form contacts with other cells and are functionally distinct. In particular, this system is required for neurotransmitter release and transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to the muscle. The neurotransmitter is transported to the nerve ending, which will be stored near the presynaptic membrane and is released near the neuron excitation the merger with transport vesicles and presynaptic membrane of the neuron. Botulinum toxin violates the normal means of release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine by motor neurons splitting one of the molecules necessary to bind the vesicles with the presynaptic membrane. As a result, the neuromuscular transmission is blocked (Ladant, Alouf, & Popoff, 2005). As a consequence, muscle paralysis develops. If they affect respiratory muscles, it can trigger death. You’ll be able to help these patients by mechanical ventilation of lungs. It usually requires from four to six weeks. The action associated with the toxin lasts from several weeks to several months. After this, transmission of impulses becomes normal. There are two stages of the restoration of neurons after botulinum toxin poisoning. During the first stage, there was the growth of new nerve endings that provide the normal innervation of muscles. Then, the original function of the nerve ending restores (Ladant, Alouf, & Popoff, 2005).

From 1957 to 2011, the mainly pentavalent vaccine was used. Nonetheless, it was active against toxins of A, B, C, D, and E types. Later, it was replaced by a new vaccine (Krenzelok, 2003). Immunization is also held on the list of staff dealing with botulinum toxin in medicine, industry, or research laboratories.

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Botulinum Toxin as a Military Weapon

as a result of high activity of the toxin, military agencies of different countries considered the possibility of its use as a biological weapon, as well as the terrorist danger. In the 20th century, new methods of the production of botulinum toxin for military and subversive purposes developed in the preparation for chemical and bacteriological warfare. In america, during World War II botulinum toxin was seen as a promising biological weapon. The military centers in america, Britain, and Canada considered using botulinum toxin of type a for these purposes (Croddy & Wirtz, 2005). This type is considered as the most dangerous to humans. There is a version that fighters of the Czechoslovak resistance applied botulinum toxin in the murder of Reinhard Heydrich (Croddy & Wirtz, 2005). In 1971, the UN General Assembly approved the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, and Stockpiling of Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction. Author Dongyou Liu (2014) states that “Currently, 170 states parties are involved” (p. 1). In 1975, due to a long time of researches, botulinum toxin of type A was adopted by the US Army under the code XR (Croddy & Wirtz, 2005). Its reserves are stored in Arkansas. The lethal outcome for a person may occur within three days. In the air, the spray is effective as a bioweapon within 12 hours (Croddy & Wirtz, 2005). It is possible to degas XR only with aqueous solutions of the active chlorine. XR formaldehyde solutions are especially easily deactivated. The biological weapon in the form of an aerosol is the most dangerous for the population (Croddy & Wirtz, 2005). It really is associated with the fact that the toxin is readily absorbed by the mucous membranes of the eyes and upper respiratory tract. Nevertheless, respirators ensure reliable protection against aerosol XR. To protect contrary to the possible poisoning of soldiers during World War II, the US Department of Defense developed the initial vaccine against botulism (Croddy & Wirtz, 2005).

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Conclusion

These days, botulinum toxin is considered to be one of the most dangerous substances. Entering the body, the substance causes severe damage to the nervous system, progressive paralysis, and respiratory arrest. Botulinum toxin was used as a biological weapon on the fronts of World War II. Several decades later, the UN General Assembly approved the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, and Stockpiling of toxic weapons, including botulinum toxin. I think, this convention has saved many lives as without it toxic weapons could be still used.

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Corporate Structure

Corporate structure includes all departments of the organization. Consequently, Al Mafraq consists of 36 departments which can be united by a common mission and goals (Introducing Mafraq Hospital, n.d.). It has a standard corporate structure that presupposes the existence of the following departments: oncology, laparoscopic surgery, lithotripsy in the urinary system, vascular surgery, renal & organs transplantation, medical research center, open heart surgery, urology, cardiac cath, pediatric surgery, thoracic surgery, ENT, cochlea implant surgery, plastic surgery, neurology, acupuncture therapy, neurosurgery, endocrinology, dermatology, ophthalmology, gynecology, nephrology, physiotherapy, neonatology, emergency rooms, rheumatology, and obstetrics (Introducing Mafraq Hospital, n.d.). As a result, corporate structure of Al Mafraq Hospital consists in the division of the organization according to its functions and healthcare services. Moreover, one should mention that every department is supervised by the most truly effective managers that bear responsibility for the proper functioning of all departments in Al Mafraq Hospital.

Corporate Social Responsibility

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is the company’s initiatives that provide its social and environmental well-being. Corporate social responsibility is based on the organization’s actions for creating a positive image and gaining a reputation that would benefit the community (Bhattacharya & Sen, 2004). One should mention that CSR takes into consideration customer perspective. For this reason, CSR has become a mainstream in terms of creating shared values not only for business but also the society. It means that the company should not look after its competitive advantage but rather its moral and ethical reputation within the market. Corporate social responsibility is based on the following categories: environment, philanthropy, and ethical labor practices (Crowther & Aras, 2008). Corporate social responsibility is conditional and ambivalent as the company implements this policy out of the necessity for being socially responsible and having economic perspectives in terms of the organization. The maxims of CSR are transparency, accountability, and sustainability (Aras & Crowther, 2008).

Industry Description

Al Mafraq Hospital is a healthcare unit that employs around 2,000 professional medical workers. It means that it is provided with the human resources that are ready to any innovations and changes. The organization supports upheaval program and operates as the largest burn unit in the UAE. The mission of Al Mafraq Hospital is to improve healthcare industry making it more innovative and progressive. The organization has all perspectives for the future growth as it has the investments equaling to $750 million, makes it possible for it to build a new campus by 2017 (Introducing Mafraq Hospital, n.d.). Moreover, Al Mafraq Hospital undergoes emiratization that presupposes the employment associated with UAE physicians. The strengths of Al Mafraq Hospital are evident due to its awards such as Sheikh Khalifa Excellence Awards as well as the 2011 International Business Award. The hospital is accredited to provide services. Moreover it was re-accredited in 2014.

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Al Mafraq Hospital’s CSR Policy and Its Implementation

Al Mafraq Hospital applies a basic approach to CSR policy. Consequently, its corporate philosophy hinges on the following concepts: accountability, transparency, integrity, and trust (Crowther & Ortiz Martinez, 2004). Nonetheless, this basic approach enables ethical decision making and commitment to the noble mission and vision of the organization. Al Mafraq’s aspirations are linked to meeting needs of their customers and becoming many qualitative healthcare centre. Their commitment relates to business services and customer care services. Al Mafraq Hospital’s stakeholders are clients, partners, employees, and society. They are united by a common objective of providing healthcare services. Al Mafraq Hospital seeks to play a role in the sustainable development of the society by creating new values, being ethical and moral while dealing with clients, and providing qualitative healthcare services. Its major policy is based on the social responsibility.

The implementation of CSR policy at Al Mafraq Hospital was carried out since the foundation of the organization. By founding Al Mafraq Hospital, its executive staff managed to develop its vision and mission immediately to realize their objectives with the help of managers and employees. At present, Al Mafraq Hospital is also striving to increase CSR awareness. Moreover, this organization supports the laws and regulations regarding anti-corruption, environment, labor, and human being rights. First, Al Mafraq Hospital has sound corporate activities adapted to the domestic and international laws. Moreover, the organization maintains constructive relationships with the government and other organizations.